Cataracts Explained: Symptoms, Causes, Treatment, and What to Expect

Cataracts are one of the most common causes of vision changes, particularly as we age. They occur when the eye's natural lens becomes cloudy, reducing the amount of light that reaches the retina. Many people describe the effect as looking through a foggy window or a dirty camera lens.

The good news is that cataracts are highly treatable, and modern cataract surgery is one of the most successful procedures performed today.

What causes cataracts?

Ageing is the most common cause of cataracts. Over time, proteins within the lens begin to break down, causing it to lose its clarity.

Other risk factors include:

• Diabetes
• Smoking
• Excessive UV exposure
• Long-term steroid medication use
• Previous eye injuries
• Family history

Although most cataracts develop later in life, they can occasionally occur in younger adults and, rarely, from birth.

What are the symptoms?

Cataracts usually develop gradually. Common symptoms include:

• Blurred or cloudy vision
• Increased sensitivity to light
• Glare from headlights at night
• Colours appearing faded or yellowed
• Frequent prescription changes
• Difficulty reading or seeing fine detail

Because changes occur slowly, many people do not realise how much their vision has deteriorated until an eye examination.

How are cataracts diagnosed?

Cataracts are typically detected during a routine eye examination. An optometrist can assess the lens and determine whether a cataract is affecting your vision.

Regular eye examinations are important because they can also identify other eye conditions that may affect sight.

Do cataracts always need treatment?

Not always. In the early stages, updated glasses or improved lighting may be enough to manage symptoms.

Treatment is usually recommended when a cataract begins to interfere with everyday activities such as reading, driving, or watching television.

What happens during cataract surgery?

Cataract surgery involves removing the cloudy lens and replacing it with a clear artificial lens.

The procedure is typically performed under local anaesthetic, usually takes less than 30 minutes, and most patients return home the same day. The majority experience a significant improvement in vision once healing is complete.

Can cataracts be prevented?

There is no guaranteed way to prevent cataracts, but certain lifestyle habits may help reduce the risk:

• Wear UV-protective sunglasses
• Avoid smoking
• Manage diabetes effectively
• Eat a healthy diet
• Attend regular eye examinations

Final thoughts

Cataracts are a normal part of ageing for many people, but they should not be ignored. Regular eye examinations can detect cataracts early, monitor their progression, and help determine when treatment may be beneficial.

If you are experiencing blurred vision, glare, or difficulty with everyday visual tasks, an eye examination is the best place to start.